Apush Notes

1. The Shaping of North America 1. Written history started 6,000 years back. It was 500 years back that Europeans set foot on the Americas to start the time of precisely written history on the mainland. 2. The hypothesis of â€Å"Pangaea† exists proposing that the landmasses were once settled together into one uber mainland. The mainlands at that point spread out as floating islands. 3. Geologic powers of mainland plates made the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains. 4. The Great Ice Age push down over North America and scoured the current day American Midwest. 2. Peopling the Americas 1.The â€Å"Land Bridge† theory†¦ 1. As the Great Ice Age reduced, so did the ice sheets over North America. 2. The hypothesis holds that a â€Å"Land Bridge† rose connecting Asia and North America across what’s today the Bering Sea. Individuals were said to have strolled over the â€Å"bridge† before the ocean level rose and closed it and in this manner populated the Americas. 2. The Land Bridge is proposed as happening an expected 35,000 years prior. 3. Numerous people groups emerged†¦ 1. Those gatherings that navigated the land connect spread across North, Central, and South America. 2. Innumerable clans developed with an expected 2,000 languages.Notably†¦ 1. Incas †Peru, with expound system of streets and extensions connecting their realm. 2. Mayas †Yucatan Peninsula, with their progression pyramids. 3. Aztecs †Mexico, with step pyramids and immense penances of vanquished people groups. 3. The Earliest Americans 1. Advancement of corn or â€Å"maize† around 5,000 B. C. in Mexico was progressive in that†¦ 1. At that point, individuals didn’t must be tracker gatherers, they could settle down and be ranchers. 2. This reality offered ascend to towns and afterward urban areas. 3. Corn showed up in the current day U. S. around 1,200 B. C. 2. Pueblo Indians 1.The Pueblos were the first American corn culti vators. 2. They lived in adobe houses (dried mud) and pueblos (â€Å"villages† in Spanish). Pueblos are towns of desk area molded adobe houses, stacked one on top the other and regularly underneath precipices. 3. They had expand water system frameworks to draw water away from waterways to developed corn. 3. Hill Builders 1. These individuals fabricated tremendous formal and entombment hills and were situated in the Ohio Valley. 2. Cahokia, close to East St. Louis today, held 40,000 individuals. 4. Eastern Indians 1. Eastern Indians developed corn, beans, and squash in â€Å"three sister† farming†¦ 1.Corn developed in a tail giving a trellis to beans, beans grew up the tail, squash’s expansive leaves kept the sun off the ground and in this way kept the dampness in the dirt. 2. This gathering likely had the best (generally differing) diet of all North American Indians and is embodied by the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw (South) and Iroquois (North). 5. Iroquois Co nfederation 1. Hiawatha was the incredible pioneer of the gathering. 2. The Iroquois Confederation was a gathering of 5 clans in New York state. 3. They were matrilineal as power and assets went down through the female line. 4.Each clan kept their freedom, however met incidentally to examine matters of normal intrigue, similar to war/guard. 5. This was not the standard. For the most part, Indians were dispersed and isolated (and accordingly frail). 6. Local Americans had an altogether different perspective on things when contrasted with Europeans. 1. Local Americans felt no man claimed the land, the clan kicked the bucket. (Europeans enjoyed private property) 2. Indians felt nature was blended in with numerous spirits. (Europeans were Christian and monotheistic) 3. Indians felt nature was consecrated. (Europeans accepted nature and land was given to man by God in Genesis to be repressed and put to utilize). . Indians had practically zero idea or enthusiasm for cash. (Europeans adore d cash or gold) 4. Circuitous Discoverers of the New World1. The first Europeans to come to America were the Norse (Vikings from Norway). 1. Around 1,000 A. D. , the Vikings landed, drove by Erik the Red and Leif Erikson. 2. They arrived in â€Å"Newfoundland† or â€Å"Vinland† (because of the entirety of the vines). 3. In any case, these men left America and left no set up account and consequently didn’t get the credit. 4. The main record is found in Viking adventures or melodies. 2. The Christian Crusaders of Middle Ages battled in Palestine to recapture the Holy Land from Muslims.This blending of East and West made a sweet-tooth where Europeans needed the flavors of the intriguing East. 5. Europeans Enter Africa This substance copyright  © 2010 by WikiNotes. wikidot. com 1. Marco Polo headed out to China and worked up a tempest of European intrigue. 2. Blended in with want for flavors, an East to West (Asia to Europe) exchange prospered yet must be overland , at any rate partially. This started new investigation down around Africa with expectations of a simpler (all water) route.3. Portugal actually began a cruising school to discover better approaches to get to the â€Å"Spice Islands,† in the long run adjusting Africa’s southern Cape of Good Hope. . New advancements emerged†¦ 1. caravel †a boat with triangular sail that could all the more likely tack (crisscross) ahead into the breeze and in this manner come back to Europe from the Africa coast. 2. compass †to decide bearing. 3. astrolabe †a sextant doohickey that could tell a ship’s scope. 5. Slave exchange starts 1. Subjection was at first race-autonomous. A slave was whoever lost in fight. Normally, slaves originated from the Slavic districts of Europe, thus the name. 2. The main African slave exchange was over the Sahara Desert. 3. Afterward, it was along the West African coast.Slave dealers deliberately beat down clans and families so as to crush any conceivable uprising. 4. Slaves ended up on sugar ranches the Portuguese had set up on the tropical islands off of Africa’s coast. 5. Spain viewed Portugal’s accomplishment with investigation and slaving with envy and needed a bit of the pie. 6. Columbus Comes upon a New World 1. Columbus persuaded Isabella and Ferdinand to finance his campaign. 2. His objective was to arrive at the (East Indies) by cruising west, in this manner bypassing the around-Africa course that Portugal hoarded. 3.He misinterpreted the size of the Earth however, thinking it 1/3 the size of what it was. 4. Along these lines, following 30 days or so adrift, when he struck land, he expected he’d made it toward the East Indies and in this way mixed up the individuals as â€Å"Indians. † 5. This produced the accompanying system†¦ 1. Europe would give the market, capital, innovation. 2. Africa would give the work. 3. The New World would give the crude materials of gold, soil, and lumber.7. At the point when Worlds Collide 1. Vital was the organic flip-failure of Old and New Worlds. Basically, it was an exchange of life, for example, plants, nourishments, creatures, germs. . From the New World (America) to the Old 1. corn, potatoes, tobacco, beans, peppers, manioc, pumpkin, squash, tomato, wild rice, and so on 2. additionally, syphilis 3. From Old World to the New 1. cows, pigs, ponies, wheat, sugar stick, apples, cabbage, citrus, carrots, Kentucky twang, and so forth 2. annihilating sicknesses †smallpox, yellow fever, jungle fever as Indians had no resistances. 1. The Indians had no insusceptibilities in their frameworks developed over ages. 2. An expected 90% of all pre-Columbus Indians kicked the bucket, generally because of malady. 8. The Spanish Conquistadores 1.Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 †Portugal and Spain fought over who got what land. The Pope drew this line as he was regarded by both. 1. The line ran North-South, and cleaved of f the Brazilian shore of South America 2. Portugal got everything east of the line (Brazil and land around/under Africa) 3. Spain got everything west of the line (which ended up being considerably more, however they didn’t know it at that point) 2. Conquistadores is Spanish â€Å"conquerors†. 1. Vasco Balboa †â€Å"discovered† the Pacific Ocean over the isthmus of Panama.2. Ferdinand Magellan †circumnavigated the globe (he was the first to do as such). . Ponce de Leon †contacts and names Florida searching for incredible â€Å"Fountain of Youth†. 4. Hernando Cortes †enters Florida, goes up into present day Southeastern U. S. , kicks the bucket and is â€Å"buried† in Mississippi River, 5. Francisco Pizarro †overcomes Incan Empire of Peru and starts delivering huge amounts of gold/silver back to Spain. This gigantic convergence of valuable metals made European costs soar (swelling). 6. Francisco Coronado †wandered into c urrent Southwest U. S. searching for unbelievable Cibola, city of gold. He found the Pueblo Indians. 3. Encomienda framework set up 1.Indians were â€Å"commended† or given to Spanish landowners 2. The optimistic hypothesis of the encomienda was that Indians would take a shot at the cultivate and be changed over to Christianity. In any case, it was fundamentally only subjection on a sugar manor guised as evangelist work. 9. The Conquest of Mexico 1. Hernando Cortez vanquished the Aztecs at Tenochtitlan. 2. Cortez went from Cuba to introduce day Vera Cruz, at that point walked over mountains to the Aztec capital. 3. Montezuma, the Aztec ruler, figured Cortez may be the god Quetzalcoatl who was because of re-give the idea that very year. Montezuma invited Cortez into Tenochtitlan. . The Spanish desire for gold drove Montezuma to assault on the noche triste, dismal night. Cortez and men battled out, yet it was smallpox that inevitably beat the Indians. 5. The Spanish at that poi nt wrecked Tenochtitlan, building the Spanish capital (Mexico City) precisely on the Aztec city. 6. Another race of individuals developed, mestizos, a blend of Spanish and Indian blood. 10. The Spread of Spanish America 1. Spanish society immediately spread through Peru and Mexico 2. A danger originated from neighbors†¦ 1. English †John Cabot (an Italian who cruised for England) contacted the shoreline of the current U.S. 2. Italy †Giovanni de Verrazano likewise addressed the North American seaboard. 3. France †Jacques Cartier went into mouth of St. Lawre

10 Interviewing Tips and Techniques

10 Interviewing Tips and Techniques 10 Interviewing Tips and Techniques 10 Interviewing Tips and Techniques By Mark Nichol Regardless of whether you are leading a journalistic QA meeting or setting up an oral history, it’s imperative to get ready cautiously for a meeting. Here are a few rules to assist you with prevailing with the meeting. 1. Be Straightforward At the point when you contact a meeting subject, express your goal plainly and sincerely. The idea of the meeting you lead ought to be the idea of the meeting you depicted to the subject. Redirections from the expressed motivation may agitate the subject and sabotage the meeting. Be that as it may, don't give your inquiries to the subject ahead of time; let him know or her that any inquiries you get ready early are just piece of the meeting. 2. Pick an Interview-Friendly Location The meeting subject’s home or office is commonly better than an open area, for example, a bistro, with less new interruptions. A subject in the solace of their own condition will give you better material, and you can make light discussion about a photo, a token, or some other article or highlight to begin the meeting off on a casual balance. 3. Research the Subject Thoroughly Discover as much as possible about the individual before the meeting. Be decidedly ready, and recognize realities and conclusions so you can inquiry the subject fittingly about what you’ve realized. 4. Decide a Theme Abstain from regarding a meeting as basically a progression of general inquiries and answers. Subsequent to directing examination, choose what the tone of the meeting will be, and what you hope to receive in return. Build up a story stream dependent on the inquiries you wish to pose. The subsequent substance likely won’t follow that conspire, however your meeting ought to have structure, and the inquiries ought to be sorted out sensibly by subject. 5. Plan Questions Record each question you can consider, regardless of whether you think you’ll have the opportunity to have them replied or not, in the request where you might want the meeting to advance, and afterward winnow the rundown to a reasonable number of inquiries (yet more than you might suspect you’ll possess energy for). Art straightforward inquiries comprising of a solitary inquiry, and ask the most significant ones first, on the off chance that the meeting is hindered or ended. Be set up to cast off certain inquiries, and be adaptable enough to stray when the subject goes an unforeseen way. Keep on following that lead until it’s not, at this point beneficial and you can continue your line of addressing, ideally with a smooth progress. 6. Record the Interview In the event that conceivable, utilize a chronicle gadget, yet accept notes recorded as a hard copy also to assist you with molding the meeting and in the event that the gadget glitches. Before you start the meeting, educate the subject that you are recording it to improve the exactness of the last item. Let him know or her that after you start recording yet before the meeting starts, you will request their assent with the goal that you have a record of it, and afterward do as such. 7. Pose Inquiries Only the Subject Can Answer Try not to burn through the subject’s time by posing inquiries that can be replied through research. Do, in any case, utilize quantitative data, for example, age as a beginning stage. Rather than asking how old somebody is, for instance, ask somebody who is mature enough to have survived a specific period in the past about their encounters during that time. 8. Draw in with the Subject Exhibit that you are intrigued and that what the subject is stating is significant. Keep in touch however much as could be expected, yet be target and utilize impartial non-verbal communication and abstain from gesturing, which may really restrain a meaningful reaction. 9. Be Polite But Persistent On the off chance that a portion of your inquiries are provocative or touchy, word them cautiously and ask them carefully. On the off chance that the subject doesn’t answer or gives a lacking reaction, ask again as such. In the event that a reaction still isn’t prospective, come back to the point again later in the meeting, clarifying why it’s significant that the subject react. 10. Show restraint At the point when the subject appears to finish a reaction to an inquiry, don't promptly proceed onward to the following inquiry, regardless of whether scripted or brainstormed at that point. Keep on being mindful, and persistently anticipate more data. In some cases, the postscript to a reaction is the best part. In like manner, when the meeting is finished, and the subject is increasingly loose, make the most of a chance to pose an easygoing inquiry or two or to remark about something the person in question said before. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Business Writing class, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:50 Incorrect Pronunciations That You Should AvoidOn Behalf Of versus In Behalf OfCareful with Words Used as Noun and Verb